Mantle plumes are in the mantle, BELOW the Earth's crust. The circulation of heat from the lower mantle to the upper mantle can cause "hot spots" in the overlying crust, heating the magma in the areas.
The solid layer of the earth that can still flow is called the asthenosphere. This layer is located in the mantle of the earth the layer below the upper crust and lithosphere, home of the tectonic plates.
Yes, everywhere has or will expirience earthquakes. The world is made up of techtonic plates, large pieces of Earth that sit on top of the toothpaste-like mantle. As the mantle flows, the plates move. When the plates collide, pressure builds up. When all the pressure is released, there is an earthquake. Niger is not on a plate boundary, but when two plates push in opposite directions on one plate (sandwiching it) pressure builds up on the plate in the middle. Eventually, the plate could "crack". It splits similarly to when a cracker is being pushed on on two sides, then cracks in half. Niger would be a possibility for this to happen. So, yes, Niger can have Earthquakes.
Lava ;D
The water is hot because it comes from the earths mantle. If the hot springs is in a volcanic zone like Yellowstone national park, water may be heated by the magma in the volcano near by.
Heat from the Earth rises to the surface because heat rises. Heat rises because it is energy and the atoms are looking for more space to move freely in.
Not as such, but the Mantle "flows".
Valcano
The Earth's tectonic plates do not move on top of the crust, they are the crust. The crust is made out of plates. The plates float on top of the mantle, which is made of molten rock, called magma. The plates move because of currents in the magma.
The plasticity of the Earth's mantle allows for the gradual flow of mantle material, which creates convection currents beneath the rigid lithospheric plates. These convection currents generate forces that can push, pull, or slide the plates apart or together, facilitating their movement. As the mantle material deforms and flows, it enables the tectonic plates to shift, leading to geological phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountain ranges. This dynamic interaction between the mantle and lithosphere is fundamental to plate tectonics.
Heat from the earth's core causes the mantle to flow in a convection cycle. As the mantle near the core heats up, it rises, carrying heat and causing the plates to move sideways due to drag. As the mantle cools near the surface, it sinks back down, completing the cycle. This continuous flow of heat and movement of the mantle is responsible for the movement of tectonic plates on Earth's surface.
The mantle
Scientists believe that forces in the Earth's mantle move the Earth's crustal plates due to convection currents. The arrows in the diagram typically represent the direction and movement of these convection currents, which drive the motion of the tectonic plates. This movement is responsible for phenomena such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the shifting of continents over geologic time scales.
The layer of the Earth right below the crust is called the mantle. The mantle is more dense than the crust and is composed of hot, solid rock that flows slowly over long periods of time. It plays a crucial role in the movement of Earth's tectonic plates.
The Earth's mantle is often compared to golden syrup due to its semi-solid, viscous nature. Just as golden syrup flows slowly and can be deformed under pressure, the mantle behaves similarly under the immense heat and pressure found within the Earth. This allows for the slow movement of tectonic plates and the convection currents that drive geological processes, much like how syrup can gradually flow and change shape when manipulated.
The asthenosphere is located in the upper part of the Earth's mantle, below the lithosphere. It is composed of partially molten rock that is ductile and flows slowly, allowing tectonic plates to move on top of it.
The solid layer of the earth that can still flow is called the asthenosphere. This layer is located in the mantle of the earth the layer below the upper crust and lithosphere, home of the tectonic plates.
The three main parts of the Earth are the crust (outer layer), mantle (middle layer), and core (innermost layer). The crust is where we live and is divided into tectonic plates, the mantle is made of hot rock that flows slowly, and the core is composed of mostly iron and nickel.