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This varies widely depending on the camera. If you're talking a throw-away camera with a single element lens, an inch or so. If you're talking a large format portrait camera (film plate 4 x 5) the lens can be a foot away or more.

Exactly ! SLRs have the lens moved forward to allow the reflex mirror free passage (25-30mm for 35mm film) whereas my rangefinder has less than 3mm clearance between the wideangle lens' rear element and the focal plane shutter.

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