Archimedes, often mistakenly referred to as "Archimecles," was an ancient Greek mathematician, physicist, engineer, inventor, and astronomer. He is best known for his contributions to mathematics, particularly in geometry, calculus, and the principles of leverage and buoyancy. His famous works include the discovery of the law of the lever and the formulation of the concept of pi. Archimedes' inventions and theoretical insights laid the groundwork for many modern scientific principles.