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Microwaves play a huge role in space exploration and technology. There is almost nothing in outer space to block or absorb lower-frequency waves, such as radio waves. However, the earth's ionized upper atmospheric layer-the ionosphere-reflects or absorbs most lower-frequency waves before they leave the vicinity of earth. But microwaves are different; they can penetrate the ionosphere and travel all the way to Mars and even further. This makes them useful for exploring the universe.

The most useful application of microwaves in space, however, is satellite communications. Satellites make communication between widely separated points on earth possible without any physical connection between the two points, such as telephone lines or fiber-optic cables. Because microwaves travel in straight lines, there has to be something in space to reflect or retransmit the microwaves if the two points cannot see each other directly-that's where satellites come in.

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