current= area of surface x current density required / 1000 ,
weight of zinc anode = current x life of anode (4yrs) x 8766 / 780
Ships dump ballast water to counter any weight they take on, or to decrease their draft.
ballast water
Yes, There is a solution to ballast water they are helping maintain balance. When the ship pick up cargo at ports in the Great Lakes, their crew dumps the ballast water overboard. Any species in the water end up in the lakes. Answer: Discharge of ballast water in the Great Lakes is conrolled by international accord. In most cases ballast is offloaded to shore side treatment facilities for treatment prior to discharge. On ship treatment is also an option.
The purpose of a well water anode rod is to protect the water heater from corrosion by attracting corrosive elements in the water. The anode rod sacrifices itself by corroding instead of the water heater tank, extending the life of the water heater.
Clean ballast refers to the ballast stored in a tank not permanently utilized for ballast (see segregated ballast below), but has been cleaned prior to use so clean ballast stored in it, if discharged from a stationary ship into calm water on a clear day will produce no evidence of oil, sludge or emulsion on or under the surface of the water or on adjoining shorelines. Segregated ballast refers to ballast stored in tanks which are permanently utilized for the carriage of ballast, and are completely separated from the cargo oil and oil fuel system.
The anode rod in a water heater helps prevent corrosion by attracting corrosive elements in the water, protecting the tank from rust and extending the life of the water heater.
Anode rods are used in RV and home hot water heaters. Aluminum tanks are not required to have an anode rod where steel tanks usually are.
Ballast used to be stones. With the invention of the electric pump, I think most ships will actually pump water into and out of tanks to adjust their ballast now.
The symptoms of a bad anode rod in a water heater include rusty or discolored water, a sulfur-like smell in the water, and a decrease in hot water supply.
For well water, it is recommended to use a magnesium anode rod instead of aluminum or zinc rods. Magnesium anode rods are better suited for well water with higher levels of minerals, as they are more effective at protecting the water heater tank from corrosion.
During the electrolysis of water, oxygen is produced at the anode because the anode is positively charged and attracts negatively charged hydroxide ions (OH-) from the water. At the anode, hydroxide ions are oxidized to release oxygen gas as a byproduct, while releasing electrons to complete the circuit.
Water heaters can operate without an anode rod. If tank is not made of steel, then no anode rod is present. If tank is made from steel or glass-lined steel, then anode rod is necessary for long life of tank. Without anode rod, water will rust tank causing leaks and possible failure where tank bursts open and floods house until water is turned off. Anode rods are made of lower noble metals than steel water heater tank. When the two metals are connected together, water reacts with lower noble metal first, so the water dissolves anode rod instead of rusting tank. Anode rods should be checked every two-four years, more frequently when water is softened. Factory-made, gas and electric, steel water heaters come with one or two anode rods installed. Tanks with longer warranties generally have two anode rods. Check manual for specifics. Adding a second anode rod can prolong life of water heater. Ship hulls and propellers, and steel bridges, and other structures that come in contact with water also have anode rods.