You cannot. VINs were not mandatory prior to 1983, and while most manufacturers (including Peterbilt) had serial number systems of some kind, they were not in a common format and there are few if any records available.
You may be able to check factory or dealership records, but that's about it.
I use Vinlink.com to decode VINs... Vinlink is a heavy truck VIN decoder. Send me your VIN (Kobyjames4u@gmail.com), and I'll decode your VIN using my account.
There are a couple of places where someone can obtain Peterbilt parts. The most reliable place to check would have to be Peterbilt's official online website.
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Checking VIN is important, especially when you buy a used car. The best way to learn about VIN is to do a VIN check. Auto check shows how you can find the VIN.
One can do a VIN check by simply using websites that offer this feature. Some websites include Car Fax, Auto Check, VIN Decoder, Edmunds, VINaudit, and VIN Check Report.