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Most knock sensors send a base or “no knocking” reference signal to the PCM. If knocking occurs, the sensor detects the increased vibration and increases its signal to the PCM. The PCM then slightly retards timing until the sensor signal returns to the reference level. If a temporary condition caused the knock, the PCM will set spark timing to the programmed advance. If the knock returns, the PCM will cycle spark timing, advancing timing until knock is encountered and then retarding timing until the knock is gone. Knock occurs when the air-fuel mixture doesn’t burn smoothly or is ignited too soon. Knock can be caused by “hot spots” in the cylinder, such as carbon deposits or spark plugs that are too hot for the engine, high combustion chamber temperatures, or using too low an octane fuel. Knocking can cause engine damage so the sensor is there to protect the engine.

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