The surface temperature is not a reliable indicator about how long a star will last. However, the total energy output is. If a star produces a lot of energy, it will burn through its fuel faster.
No, some are hotter/cooler, some are more/less massive, but they all follow the same life processes.
There is no such thing as a cold star, as even the lowest-temperature stars are very hot. That said, cooler stars last longer as they burn their fuel more slowly.
The sun's color results from the temperature of its outer layer, which emits light in the yellow part of the visible spectrum. Hotter stars tend to emit more light in the blue part of the spectrum while cooler stars are more reddish.
The relationship is that the color is an indication of the star's surface temperature. For example, red stars are cooler, while blue stars are hotter. You can find more details in the Wikipedia article "Stellar classification".
Hotter stars flow with light that is more intense at shorter wave lengths. The hottest stars emit their radiation in short violet light wavelengths. Their light appears blue white when observed.
Dimmer stars generally are just farther away. Their brightness isn't necessarily a factor in how long they live. Their color is actually a better indicator. Yellow stars, like our own sun, burn cooler, and are therefore using their fuel more slowly. This will cause them to live longer. Stars with a red color are burning much hotter, and will therefore use up their fuel more quickly. Blue or white colored stars are burning hotter still!
In terms of absolute magnitude, a larger hotter star will necessarily be more luminous than a smaller cooler star. However, if a smaller cooler star is much closer to us than a larger hotter star, it may appear to be brighter. None of this has anything to do with the HR diagram.
How hot or cool a star is. For example if a star is red, it's cooler. If a star is more blue, it's hotter.
No, some are hotter/cooler, some are more/less massive, but they all follow the same life processes.
Hot stars are more massive than cooler stars and thus use up their available fuel much more quickly.
Cooler magma flows slower than hotter magma.
There is no such thing as a cold star, as even the lowest-temperature stars are very hot. That said, cooler stars last longer as they burn their fuel more slowly.
when magma is melted at a higher temp. it'll be more runny so cooler magma will be slower than hotter magma
The sun's color results from the temperature of its outer layer, which emits light in the yellow part of the visible spectrum. Hotter stars tend to emit more light in the blue part of the spectrum while cooler stars are more reddish.
Blue stars are hotter than the sun, white ones about the same, and red ones are cooler. If you use a spectroscope the calculations are much more precise.
when magma is melted at a higher temp. it'll be more runny so cooler magma will be slower than hotter magma
The star's temperature. The more blue the star is the hotter it is. Pure blue stars get up to around 18,000 k. The more red the star is the cooler it is. Pure red stars can get up to around 2,500 k. White, yellowish color stars are in the middle.