how can a red giant star become brighter if it now has a lower surface temp
The surface temperature of a red giant is, at most, 5000 Kelvin.
Red stars have the coolest surface temperature. Blue color stars have the highest surface temperature. The Sun belongs to the main sequence stars.
Some new stars are brighter than older stars, since it's at that period that the star begins to shrink. But as the star grows older, it will become a red giant and become larger and brighter. Finally, it is at it's brightest when it explodes in a supernova. For brown dwarfs, though, there is a violent first million years and then an uneventful and faint couple billion years. For big stars, there are eruptions at the surface very often, which gives them a very bright life of a couple million years.
Jupiter has no surface. It is a gas giant.
When the sun exhausts the hydrogen in its core and become a red giant.
The surface temperature of a red giant is, at most, 5000 Kelvin.
A supergiant is brighter than a red giant. That means it spends its energy faster, and lives less. To burn its energy faster, it must be hotter in its nucleus. That doesn't necessarily mean that its surface temperature is faster (rather, it will usually be bigger, and have a larger surface to irradiate).
Color is related to surface temperature, and a "red giant" is cooler than a main sequence, medium-sized star like the Sun.
The colour of a star is a good measure of the surface temperature.
Alnilam is a blue-white super giant star, with a surface temperature of around 27,000 Kelvin.
Because they are closer or actually brighter.
Three possibilities: It is brighter (some are brighter than others), it is bigger, or it is closer to earth.
Red stars have the coolest surface temperature. Blue color stars have the highest surface temperature. The Sun belongs to the main sequence stars.
According to Wikipedia, a red giant has a surface temperature of 5000 K or less.
Neptune doesn't have a surface, because is it a gas giant. The average temperature of Neptune is around -218°C (-360.4°F).
No, it is much less bright.
The Wikipedia lists the surface temperature as 4305 ± 15 kelvin. This is cooler than our Sun (giant stars are typically cooler than our Sun). Check the Wikipedia article if you want the sources.