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Light, the electromagnetic radiation that we see, is emitted by an atom.

When an electron is moved into a higher orbit than its natural one, and then returns to the proper orbit, it emits light of a frequency unique to that atom.

So, by inspecting the light from a star, we may determine that it has calcium in it for example.

This is the same process by which neon tubes emit light, in that case reddish. Or Sodium street lamps give out an orange light.

Other parts of the electromagnetic spectrum are also emitted by these processes, but as we don't see them, we realize it. Radio waves, and x-rays are also given out by these processes, and indeed by the stars.

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