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Mars is smaller than Earth (about 1/2 the diameter), and farther from the Sun. It has had surface volcanoes, but there is no molten core to provide a magnetic field.

The size difference means that the gravity of Mars is lower, about 38% of Earth's gravity. It has an atmosphere that is much thinner than Earth, and it is mostly carbon dioxide. Almost all of the oxygen present is bound as oxides in the red Martian soil.

The distance from the Sun means that it is much colderthan Earth. The ice at the Martian poles is mostly frozen carbon dioxide, and there is no liquid water anywhere on the surface. The combination of temperature and lack of water means that no Earth-like lifeforms are possible in the natural conditions on Mars.

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