Usually, yes a phase of the moon is supposed to be capitalized.
When you are referring to the Earth's Moon then it is always capitalized, if you are talking about the moon of another planet then it is not always capitalized.
In the new Moon phase.
New Moon Phase
The moon will be in its first quarter phase a week from tonight after the new moon phase.
The waxing crescent is the first phase after the new moon.
Earth, as in we live on the planet Earth, is supposed to be capitalized. Earth, as in the dirt we walk on, is not supposed to be capitalized.
No, it shouldn't be capitalized.
No it shouldn't be capitalized.
Yes, America should be capitalized.
no
Yes, "Pterodactyl" is supposed to be capitalized as it is a proper noun referring to a specific genus of pterosaur.
No, but the names of individual languages are capitalized.
Yes, Siamese would be capitalized.
Moon is always supposed to be capitalized at beginning of a sentence. However, the "moon" is a general name for very large objects circling a planet. Our Moon does have a Latin name of which is Luna. This name should always be capitalized. However again.. The English name for our moon is "Moon". This mean that its name is Moon in English and should be capitalized. If you are writing about the moons around any other planets you do not capitalize because they have other names.
No.
no
no