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The expansion of space in all parts of our Universe.

When a group of photons leave an object (like a super-nova in a distant galaxy), they have a certain wavelength, and a certain distance between the first photons from that super-nova and the last such photons.

During their travel, the expansion of space causes the wavelength of the photons to increase (even if they interact with no matter whatsover in their travels), as well as the distance between the first photons to leave and the last photons to leave.

If these photons travel for enough time (say, a few 100 million to a few billion years) before they reach a detector on our Earth, the increase in wavelength AND the distance between the first and last photons becomes measurable. The photons have a wavelength longer than they "should" have, and the time between the first photons to arrive and the last to arrive will increase. The increase in wavelength, as well as the increase in time for the super-nova to last, will be as predicted by Hubble's Law.

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