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The theory is based on motions constraints, chemical constraints, and age constraints.

There are many regularities to the motions in the solar system: all of the planets revolve around the sun in the same direction and approximately in the plane of the Sun's own rotation. Additionally, most of the planets rotate in the same direction as they revolve and most of the satellites also move in counterclockwise orbits (when viewed from the North).

The chemical compositions of Jupiter and Saturn have approximately the same composition, mostly Hydrogen and Helium, as the Sun and the stars. These are the two largest planets, with sufficient gravity to hold on to any gas present when and where they formed; thus we might expect them to be representative of the original material out of which the solar system formed. Each of the other members of the planetary system is, to some degree, lacking in the light elements. The composition of the solid solar-system objects shows a progression from the metal-rich inner planets, through those made of mostly rocky materials, out to objects composed mainly of ice. This general pattern can be interpreted as a temperature sequence, with the inner parts of the system strongly depleted in materials that could not condense at high temperatures found near the Sun.

The age of the Earth is determined through radioactive dating. On the Earth, the date is around 3.8 billion years--but the Earth has probably resurfaced since its birth. Lunar rocks are around 4.4 billion years old and all primitive meteorites have radioactive ages near 4.5 billion years.

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