There is no special term except that the object is a member of the solar system. Millions of objects, (heavenly bodies) orbit the sun at varying distances going way out beyond the orbit of Neptune. Just a very very few (8, currently) are classed as planets.
The sun.
Sun
The Earth travels around the Sun.
Heavenly bodies that orbit around another heavenly body are known as satellites. Examples include the Moon orbiting Earth and the planets orbiting the Sun.
A comet is a tailed heavenly body composed of dust, rock, and ice that orbits the sun in an elongated path. When a comet gets closer to the sun, the heat causes some of its ice to vaporize, creating a glowing tail that points away from the sun due to solar wind.
Planet.
Some do and some don't. Some planets have more then one moon. By definition a heavenly body that circulate another heavenly body is called a moon. A heavenly body that circulates a star (sun) is called a planet.
The sun is the heavenly body that has flares and prominences. Sunspots and solar wind are other natural phenomena associated with the sun.
Sun
The sun.
The Earth travels around the Sun.
Heavenly bodies that orbit around another heavenly body are known as satellites. Examples include the Moon orbiting Earth and the planets orbiting the Sun.
It's the Moon.
As an orbiter of the Earth, and as a heavenly body within the gravitational pull of the Sun (heliocentricity).
An orbit around the sun is that of a heavenly body, such as a planet, that is mdkjhattracted to the gravitational pull from the sun. The sun is the largest object in the solar system so its gravitational pull is the strongest. The heavenly bodies go around the sun not making a circle, but an oval.
No. The definition of a star is "any of the large, self-luminous, heavenly bodies, as the sun, Polaris, etc." Mercury is a planet that orbits a star - our sun.
An eclipse takes place when one heavenly body such as a moon or planet moves into the shadow of another heavenly body. There are two types of eclipses on Earth: an eclipse of the moon and an eclipse of the sun.