The greatest observed redshift of any galaxy is for GN-z11, which has a redshift of 11.09. This corresponds to a distance of around 13.4 billion light-years away from Earth.
The red shift is a Doppler effect for visible light that implies an object is moving away from you. The blue shift is a Doppler effect for visible light that implies an object is moving towards you. Stars are distrbuted within galactic clusters. If a star is red-shifted, the distance between us and that galaxy is increasing. If it is blue-shifted, the distance between us and the galaxy is decreasing. All galaxies outside our local galactic cluster produce light that is red-shifted; and the greater the distance between us and these outside galaxies, the greater the red shift. That the size of the red shift depends on the distance is considered isotropic (or the same in all directions), meaning the distance between our local galactic cluster and all other galactic clusters is increasing at the same ratio based on distance from us. These distant galactic clusters, demonstrating red shift, are supportive evidence that these outside galaxies are moving further apart consistent with the Big Bang Theory. While the red shifted starlight is considered supportive evidence of an expanding universe, there are a few examples of blue shifted starlight within our Local galactic cluster. The Andromeda Galaxy is moving towards within the Milky Way galaxy, so when it is observed from Earth, its light is blue shifted. Any even within our own Milky Way galaxy, the Barnard Star is also moving towards Earth and appears to have a slight blue shift.
You would expect no shift in its spectrum. Any shift one way or the other is the result ofmotion either toward or away from Earth. Motion parallel to ours or across our line of sighthas no effect on the observed spectrum of the object.
A galaxy cluster consists of several galaxy groups, each of which in turn contains several galaxies. So no; a galaxy cluster is MUCH bigger than any individual galaxy.
No, the Andromeda Galaxy does not have any moons. Moons typically orbit around planets, not around galaxies. The Andromeda Galaxy is a spiral galaxy similar to our Milky Way and contains billions of stars but no moons.
A red-shift caused by the Doppler-effect indicates that the object is rapidly moving away from the observer.Note that at extreme distances, red-shift is not caused by the Doppler-effect, but primarily by the expansion of space between the object and the observer.
The red shift is a Doppler effect for visible light that implies an object is moving away from you. The blue shift is a Doppler effect for visible light that implies an object is moving towards you. Stars are distrbuted within galactic clusters. If a star is red-shifted, the distance between us and that galaxy is increasing. If it is blue-shifted, the distance between us and the galaxy is decreasing. All galaxies outside our local galactic cluster produce light that is red-shifted; and the greater the distance between us and these outside galaxies, the greater the red shift. That the size of the red shift depends on the distance is considered isotropic (or the same in all directions), meaning the distance between our local galactic cluster and all other galactic clusters is increasing at the same ratio based on distance from us. These distant galactic clusters, demonstrating red shift, are supportive evidence that these outside galaxies are moving further apart consistent with the Big Bang Theory. While the red shifted starlight is considered supportive evidence of an expanding universe, there are a few examples of blue shifted starlight within our Local galactic cluster. The Andromeda Galaxy is moving towards within the Milky Way galaxy, so when it is observed from Earth, its light is blue shifted. Any even within our own Milky Way galaxy, the Barnard Star is also moving towards Earth and appears to have a slight blue shift.
A tadpole shaped galaxy is not any type of peculiar galaxy.
You would expect no shift in its spectrum. Any shift one way or the other is the result ofmotion either toward or away from Earth. Motion parallel to ours or across our line of sighthas no effect on the observed spectrum of the object.
motion can be observed from any position
Yes, because Earth is in that galaxy.
No telescope has been found on any galaxy
Yes. There are many planetary nebulae in our galaxy.
There are stars in any galaxy. That's, to a great extent, what a "galaxy" is all about: a huge collection of stars.
Let's put it this way... All larger galaxies have huge black holes in their center. In addition to that, you can expect any galaxy to have a significant number of stellar black holes.
No. Nothing man-made has left our galaxy.
Speaking generally, most objects in the universe are red-shifted, that is they appear to be moving away from us. There are exceptions to this, obviously. There are plenty of objects in our own galaxy that appear to moving towards us. Plus the Andromeda galaxy appears to be on a collision course with the Milky Way. Objects moving towards us would appear to be blue-shifted.
Planets are not necessarily in a galaxy but chances are very slim that in a galaxy that is not just newly forming there would not be any exoplanets.