Rotation and revolution
There's no reason why the gravitational forces between a sunspot and the rest of the sun should be any different from those between the rest of the sun and any part of it with similar mass at a similar distance from its center.
On average Venus is approximately 67.2 million miles or 108.2 million kilometers away from the Sun. In other units, it would be 0.723 AU.Mean distance of 108,209,000 km Maximum Distance 108,942,000 kmMinimum Distance 107,476,000 km
When Earth orbits the sun, its eccentricity of the orbit is only 0.017. That's very close to 0, a perfect circle. So when it's at its closest to the sun (perihelion) , it doesn't make a difference.
There's no reason to think that the Earth was ever without a magnetic "shield," except perhaps in its frequent but short periods of reversal of magnetic polarity, from the time the Earth's basic structure formed down to the present day. When magma cools and solidifies to form igneous rocks, some of the minerals may preserve a record of the magnetic field strength and direction at that time. From this, scientists have been able to construct a record of field strengths and geomagnetic reversals going back at least 160 million years. Therefore we have good proof that the magnetic field has been around for at least that long.
There is something missing from the question. The planet must have a moon. The only way to measure the mass of a planet is by using data about a moon orbiting the planet or data about the path of a spacecraft passing or going into orbit around the planet. If you know the distance to a planet then you can work out the moon's distance from the planet. The planet's mass can then be found. It's a bit of trigonometry and Newton's version of Kepler's Third Law. So that's the reason that it is necessary to know the distance to the planet.
The gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon changes each day because the distance between the Earth and the Moon changes each day. This is because the orbit of the Moon around the Earth is not purely circular - it is elliptical - with an apogee of about 406,000 kilometers, and a perigee of about 363,000 kilometers. Gravitational attraction between two objects is proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.
The most basic reason that headphones are magnetic is that electro-magnetic force is required to move the tiny diaphragms in the headphones. Electircal currents inside wires in the earpieces provide attraction and repulsion from a fixed magnet, causing a diaphragm to vibrate and sound emerges.
Actually it does attract Mars, but the distances between our Moon and Mars are so great relative to their individual masses that we find it difficult to measure the force of the attraction. Remember that the force of gravity is proportional to the product of the masses of two objects and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The reason we see a noticeable effect of the attraction of the Sun on the Earth and Mars - despite the great distance between the Sun and those planets is that the mass of the sun is enormous - enough to compensate for the great distances.
not the primary reason
You really can't have one without the other. Its called the electro-magnetic force for a reason. (See Maxwell's equations.)
Gravity is the force that pulls objects with mass towards each other. This force is the reason why objects fall to the ground when dropped and why planets orbit around the sun. The process of gravity is governed by Newton's law of universal gravitation, which describes the attraction between two objects based on their masses and distance.
Electrons are the reason any material is magnetic or not. including iron.
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The Moon has a greater effect on tides, on planet Earth, than the Sun. This is despite the fact that the gravitational attraction by the Sun is greater - the reason is that tidal forces depend on the CUBE of the distance.
There is more than one force of attraction. Electrostatic attraction is the action of electric fields. Gravity is another force of attraction And magnetism is yet another force of that can attract. The one we "use" every day is gravity. It is with us from conception to death, and we live our lives in a gravimetric field.
Atoms have unpaired electrons in their outer energy levels that create a magnetic field when they align in the same direction. This alignment of magnetic moments is what gives rise to the magnetic properties of an object.
The explanation is very simple, (although the reason isn't): There are gravitational forces of attraction between every two specks of matter in the universe. The more mass they have, the stronger the force is between them. But the farther apart they are, the weaker the force is. The forces of gravitational attraction between you and a planet are strong when you're standing on the planet, because the planet has so much mass, and you're so close to it.