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The thickness of each planet can be measured by looking at the surface pressure - this is essentially related to the number of gas molecules for a given volume. A low pressure indicates a thin atmosphere, while a thicker atmosphere will have a higher surface pressure. You cant really give this for the four outer gas planets as they are made out of gas and have no real surface like the inner terrestrial planets. The atmospheres (and pressures) of the gas giants just get thicker the deeper you go into the planet.

For Mercury, the surface pressure is near zero, there is no real atmosphere due to its small size and closeness to the sun. For Venus the atmosphere is thick, the pressure is some 93 bar (9.3 Mega-pascals - MPa or 9300 kilo-pascals - kPa) at the surface, where for earth it is about 1 bar (0.1 MPa or 100 kPa), so Venus' carbon dioxide atmosphere is 93 times that of earths. Mars has a thin carbon dioxide atmosphere of 0.064 bar or 6.4 kPa.

1 bar = 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa

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The location of a planet is not directly related to the thickness of its atmosphere.

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Q: What is the thickness of the atmosphere of each planet in the solar system?
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