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The first ever satellite launched into space was of course Sputnik 1 in October 1957.

Later, the US launched 'Explorer 1' with a Geiger counter on board, so it is probably the first probe in space.

The first probes designed to leave the earth's gravity were the Russian 'Lunik' series, sent to the Moon in the late 1950s and early 1960s. As far as longer missions are concerned the earliest interplanetary probes were the USA's 'Mariner' probes launched to Mars, Venus and Mercury in the early 1960's.
Probes are not people!

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