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Temperatures vary so greatly because there is no atmosphere, because the moon's surface gravity is so weak that gasses can easily escape into space.

Because it has no atmosphere, heat energy from hot locales cannot be moved to colder locales. Therefore, the side facing the sun will be very hot (to the touch) and very cold on the side away from the sun. In addition, because the moon does not have an atmosphere to contain the heat or cold, the temperatures on the moon fluctuate severely during the night and day.
Because it has no atmosphere, heat energy from hot locales cannot be moved to colder locales. Therefore, the side facing the sun will be very hot (to the touch) and very cold on the side away from the sun.

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