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Humans need air to breathe, space is a vacuum so the atmosphere inside the spacecraft needs to be separated from the vacuum outside. Once in a while an astronaut needs to go to the outside of the spacecraft to perform tests or maintenance, and the airlock provides a way for him to go outside without losing the air from the inside. He enters the airlock and closes the door, then all the air inside the airlock is sucked out so it can be used ( air is a precious commodity in space ) then he can open the door to the outside without losing any of it.

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