in the sentence "joe is exhausted" exhausted is a pronoun, describes "joe" the noun in the sentence "joe exhausted all of his options" exhausted is a verb, describing what the noun is doing or has done depends on how the word is being used
Right, as in the exhausted men struggled on. But it is also a verb, the past tense of the verb to exhaust to tire out, to empty eg The crops exhausted the soil
exhaust
It is an action verb.
Exhausted is a past tense verb (to exhaust), and also the past participle, which can act as an adjective. (e.g. The exhausted supplies of food would not last until help arrived.)
began is an action verb, not a linking verb.
"Sent" is an action verb. It shows an action, such as "she sent an email."
what follows a linking or action verb
It is an action verb.
action verb
Action verb
An action verb