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Prison conditions in the 19th century were often harsh and punitive, characterized by overcrowding, inadequate sanitation, and minimal access to education or rehabilitation programs. In contrast, the 20th century saw a gradual shift towards reform, focusing on rehabilitation and the introduction of more humane treatment, with improved living conditions, mental health support, and vocational training. However, disparities still existed, with some facilities lagging behind in implementing these reforms. Overall, the evolution reflected changing societal attitudes towards crime and punishment.

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