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Altruism, which is a behavior that benefits the recipient at a cost to the actor, only works between non-kin if it is reciprocal. If altruism is not reciprocal the actor will soon stop being altruistic. For example, if I always ask to borrow your car, but never do anything for you in return soon you will stop lending me your car. Robert Trivers was the first person to theorize about reciprocal altruism and why it works. He says that all reciprocal altruistic species must be highly social, long lived and smart. The first two requirements are so that there are plenty of opportunities and you must be smart in order to keep track of favors and detect cheaters. This is why you generally see altruism in primates.

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