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Karl Marx's theory focused on the idea of class struggle, where society is divided into the ruling class (bourgeoisie) and the working class (proletariat). He argued that capitalism would inevitably result in inequalities and exploitation, leading to a revolution by the working class to establish a classless society based on common ownership of the means of production. Marx also emphasized the importance of historical materialism, which posits that the economic base of society shapes the political and ideological superstructure.

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