List at least three characteristics of naturalism in American literature using examples from the works of Stephen Crane and Jack London?
Determinism: Naturalism in American literature often portrays characters as victims of their environment or heredity, with limited control over their fates. For example, in Stephen Crane's "The Open Boat," the men struggle against the indifferent forces of nature, highlighting their powerlessness.
Pessimism: Naturalistic works tend to have a dark, pessimistic view of life, emphasizing the harsh realities of existence. Jack London's "To Build a Fire" showcases this pessimism through its portrayal of a man's futile struggle against the brutal Yukon wilderness.
Use of scientific methods: Naturalistic writers often incorporate scientific observation and detail in their works to create a sense of objectivity and authenticity. Both Crane and London utilize precise descriptions of nature and human behavior to reinforce their naturalistic themes.