Embroider
The decorative wood on a staircase is called "wainscot"
Applique is a decorative form of needlework where a smaller piece of cloth is sewn carefully onto a larger item. Applique patterns are available for sale or free at a variety of sites online including freeapplique.
Etui
Do you mean the piece that is between the head and the shaft? If so that is called the ferrule.
I think that would be called a "pedestal".
The cornucopia is also called the horn of plenty. It is a symbol of abundance and is often used as a decorative piece.
"Her needlework was terrible!" or "The needlework on that dress was very detailed."
The answer depends on exactly what it is that you want to find. Applique is a type of decorative needlework. It is used on many sorts of clothing, bed linens, quilts, and every other textile.
The piece that screws the lamp shade onto the lamp is called a finial. It is typically a decorative knob that screws onto the lamp's harp to secure the shade in place.
The decorative top of a column is called the capital.
Royal School of Needlework was created in 1872.
The decorative curl on the end of a violin is called the scroll.