No, but bad spark plugs or plug wires sure can.
A flashing check engine light means you are doing serious damage to your catalytic converter due to repeated misfires in one or more cylinders. If you get a code scanner (or go to an autozone, oreilly's etc. where they scan it for free) you will see a code such as P0301 (misfire, cylinder 1). Your catalytic converter is probably shot now. If it is and If you live in a state that does emissions inspections you will need to get the converter replaced after you fix the misfires. An old spark plug will generally cause the misfires.
Having no catalytic converter installed is illegal and can cause a myriad of problems. Probably not a backfire though.
Yes, internal coolant consumption can damage a catalytic converter.
No, the catalytic converter is downstream from the EGR valve so it has no effect on it.
Yes
No, the catalytic converter has nothing whatsoever to do with your defrost system.
A bad catalytic converter can cause hard starts if it has become clogged. This produces excessive back pressure in the engine.
A bad coil can damage a converter. If the engine is misfiring, it will cause raw fuel to get into the converter and that can cause failure.
Yes
No
yes it can
That depends on the engine and the fuel you've used. If the engine starts burning oil a catalytic converter can fail rapidly. Some fuel additives can also cause a catalytic converter to fail prematurely.