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Steam at higher pressure and temperature - hence high energy contents - is fed via a valve into each end of the cylinder in turn. There its pressure forces the piston along the cylinder, hence turning the engine's crank to which the piston is linked by piston-rod, crosshead (a pivot on a sliding block) and connecting-rod.

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The valve is driven in turn by an arrangement called the "valve gear" from the crankshaft, and this controls both the engine's direction of rotation and the "cut-off". This is the point in the piston stroke at which the valve closes so the steam already in the cylinder completes its work by expansion approximating to the normal [ (Pressure X Volume) = a Constant ], law of the behaviour of gases.

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On steam locomotives, steam road vehicles and reciprocating marine engines the valve-gear's settings can also be controlled by the driver to change the forward-reverse (ahead / astern) direction as well as adjusting the cut-off for efficient running.

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The above describes the reciprocating steam-engine, as on a railway locomotive. In steam-turbines the force is generated by a combination of impulse and reaction as the steam passes from the initial, inlet nozzles and through the rotor blades and fixed guide-vanes of each stage of the turbine. A turbine cannot be reversed so where this is necessary, as on a more-modern steam-ship or in a nuclear-powered submarine, and to reduce the high speed of the turbine to the low speed of the final drive, the turbine is linked to the drive through a reducing / reversing gear-box.

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