I think the purpose is so that the battery doesn't drain itself trying to turn the alternator as though it was an electric motor. The diode only lets current flow in one direction, from the alternator to the battery.
Just like anything else things just break. Have you had any electric welding done on the car? Have you used an external battery charger? Have you accidently connected the battery in reverse polarity?
Bad diodes in the alternator can cause the battery to go dead when the car is off. The diode bridge (six diodes) is directly connected to the battery, and is used to convert three phase delta AC from the alternator's stator to DC for the battery. Normally, if the engine is not running, the diodes are reverse biased and do not conduct current. If one of the high side diodes is shorted then the diode trio (another set of three diodes supplying the regulator/rotor) could conduct and drain the battery. Often, a diode failure is a short or an open. A short in a high side diode along with a short in a low side diode would result in high current from the battery, and that would probably blow the fusible link. An open would result in poor performance of the alternator.
When jumping a car battery, the red positive cable should be connected first.
When installing a new battery in a car, the red color should be connected first.
You cross the battery.
Yes. A battery can be charged while in the vehicle.
The alternator is connected to a gas powered engine. This charges the battery.
Purchase a trickle charger and keep it connected to the battery.
When charging a car battery, the red positive cable should be connected first.
You don't. This would put a strain on the alternator and may burn a diode out. Charge it with a deep cycle battery charger.
No. Strictly speaking you get a battery when you have several cells together. The typical car battery consists of 6 lead-acid cells connected in series.
As long as the cables are connected properly.