To reduce the pressure exerted by train
They were used extensively, it is more common nowadays to use reinforced concrete or composite sleepers.
When sleepers are placed below the rails, the area of cross-section is increased. We know pressure= Force/Area. When the trains run on the rails, the pressure is small because of large area of cross-section of the sleeper. Hence, ground will not yield under the weight of the train.
The width apart of rail tracks are set to the gauge of the trains and carriages that are allowed to run on those tracks. They are kept in position by wooden sleepers, though concrete sleepers are often used nowadays.
To keep the rails at a certain spacing, and to spread the weight of the train over a wider area.
This is difficult to answer because depending upon the area and the railway, and era, the answer is different. The early railroads used wooden rails with steel straps on top, which was followed by iron rails. Initially, these were built on stone "sleepers", but later were built on wooden sleepers or ties. In the Southern US, many railroads were built on "stilts", essentially bridges because of the wetlands/swamps they travelled through.
The wooden or concrete railway sleeper (or railroad tie) is used as the base for the railway track to keep the tracks intact in its place In other words, wooden sleepers hold the rails to the correct gauge. Additionally, they absorb and distribute the weight of the train uniformly. swampesterswithin.blogspot.com
That large nail is called a railroad spike.
The wooden or concrete railway sleeper (or railroad tie) is used as the base for the railway track to keep the tracks intact in its place In other words, wooden sleepers hold the rails to the correct gauge. Additionally, they absorb and distribute the weight of the train uniformly. swampesterswithin.blogspot.com
Wooden sticks (thick) and iron.
I believe the rails were wooden.
Old Railway sleepers vary in price by region and by supplier, and by type of wood. Expect to pay between £15 - £30 for used ones and between £20 - £50 for new ones.
Railroad spikes are pounded into the railroad ties and the head of the spike catches the side of the rail. As well, the rail-tie combination is held in place by ballast, consisting of gravel, crushed stone or aggregate on a well packed road bed. .