Pius II
Indulgences
Pope St. Zephyrinus (199-217) was the 15th pope.
No, Pope Gregory did not use the printing press to spread his ideas faster. The printing press was invented by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century, after Pope Gregory's time. Pope Gregory XIII was a 16th-century pope who is most famous for reforming the calendar.
Pope Paul II was Pope through a lot of the mid-15th century. His biography notes his love of gems, diamonds, pearls, etc. but does not mention a "favorite color."
The 15th pope was Pope Zephyrinus who reigned 199 - 217.
No pope has ever been a member of the Masons. Being a member incurs automatic excommunication. Benedict VI was pope in the years 973 and 974 and could not have been a Mason since that group was not formed until the 15th century.
In the early 15th century there were two men claiming to be the pope - Pope Gregory XII and anti pope John XXIII. A council was called and both men renounced their claims to the papal throne and a new pope elected. Gregory XII resigned on July 4, 1415 to settle the argument.
In the 15th Century, Rome was invaded and sacked. The Pope at the time was able to escape due to a regiment of Swiss soldiers who all died to prevent his being pursued. Since then, the Swiss have had the exclusive honor of guarding the pope in memory of those men.
There was no black pope in the first century. The first pope from Africa was Pope Saint Victor (189-199) but there is no indication that he was black.
The country of England was recognized by the Pope in the 1st century. The first recorded mention of a Pope occurred during the tenth century. The Pope is the leader of the Catholic Church and the current Pope as of 2013 is Pope Francis.
A 'bulla', a lead seal of the pope.
Pope St. Victor I was Pope in the late second century, so probably in the early to mid second century.