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Why is the human genome like a parts list?
The human genome is a collection of long strands of molecule called DNA. DNA is a long polymer, where different individual monomers (single units) are called base-pairs. Certains segments of these strands (a few hundred to a few thousand base pairs) are called "genes". A molecule called RNA polymerase localizes to the front of the gene, moves along the base pairs, "reads" the specific base-pair sequence, and creates a copy of the particular base pairs it reads (this process is called transcription). The copy the RNA polymerase is an example of one "part". The part is usually modified to become something biologically useful (for example, it might go through another process called "translation" to become a protein). The "Genome" refers to all of the genetic material (so all of the DNA, so all of the genes) in an organism. Any genome (including the human genome) is a parts list because all biologically meaningful "parts" to the organism are encoded by a specific sequence of base pairs. So.... the human genome is really a list of the specific instructions to make all of the parts. James Watson, who along with Francis Crick was credited with the discovery of the DNA double helix and proposal of the "fundamental dogma of molecular biology", said "DNA makes RNA, RNA makes proteins, and proteins make us."
How do ALU sequences contribute to the genetic diversity in the human population?
Allele-specific long-range PCR (ALU) sequences contribute to genetic diversity in the human population by serving as markers for genetic variation. These sequences are repetitive elements in the human genome that can undergo mutations, leading to different alleles or versions of the sequence. By studying these variations in ALU sequences, researchers can track genetic diversity and understand population dynamics, evolutionary history, and disease susceptibility.
How long does it take for blood to coagulate in the human body?
Blood typically takes about 5-15 minutes to coagulate in the human body.
How long does it take for water to be converted into urine in the human body?
It typically takes about 6 hours for water to be converted into urine in the human body.
How long does it take for the human body to convert water into urine?
The human body typically takes about 2-5 hours to convert water into urine.
Why did the genome project start?
The human genome project took so long because the genetic makeup of humans is quite complex. It took scientists from all over the world to crack the code.
How long would it take to read the entire human genome sequence?
If all the letters were printed out, it would fill a stack of books as high as the Washington Monument.
Interspersed repetitive DNA?
Is composed of long similar nucleotide sequence that, as transposons, became scattered throughout the genome.
How long did they think it would take to complete the human genome?
The Human Genome Project initially estimated it would take 15 years to complete the sequencing of the human genome when it began in 1990. However, the project was completed ahead of schedule in 2003, taking only 13 years to finish.
How long is DNA if you unwrap all the DNA molecules?
about one meter for the human genome IIRC.
What are the differences between LINEs and SINEs?
LINEs are Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements SINEs are Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements The only different is the size of the repetitive sequence that gets integrated in the genome. LINEs are Long Interspersed Nuclear Elements SINEs are Short Interspersed Nuclear Elements The only different is the size of the repetitive sequence that gets integrated in the genome.
How has the human genome project been extended?
Two different teams of researchers worked on what we now know as the Human Genome ProjectWhat they achieved was a list of how the combination of 4 letters used in genetics details how people ( humans) are assembled. One reason they did the research is the list of things-that-go-wrong-with-people / genetic diseases could not be fully understood without understanding the genome of humansSince then the genetic code of a long list of other animals has enabled medicine to find cures for otherwise incurable conditions
What is the size of the human genome?
AnswerThe human genome is made up of DNA, which has four different chemical building blocks. These are called bases and abbreviated A, T, C, and G. In the human genome, about 3 billion bases are arranged along the chromosomes in a particular order for each unique individual. It's also important to mention that not all of those bases serve a known function. Humans have about 30,000 protein coding genes, which comprise only 2% of our genome but form the builiding blocks of all our cells. The other 98% is made up of elements such as miRNA which regulate how the protein coding genes function. Only a few years ago it was thought most of the DNA in the human genome was junk (repetative waste accumulated over evolution that cluttered the genome) It is now becoming clear that at least 80% of the genome is transcribed and may therefore be of some involved in how our bodies function.To get an idea of the size of the human genome present in each of our cells, consider the following analogy: If the DNA sequence of the human genome were compiled in books, the equivalent of 200 volumes the size of a Manhattan telephone book (at 1000 pages each) would be needed to hold it all.It would take about 9.5 years to read out loud (without stopping) the 3 billion bases in a person's genome sequence. This is calculated on a reading rate of 10 bases per second, equaling 600 bases/minute, 36,000 bases/hour, 864,000 bases/day, 315,360,000 bases/year.Storing all this information is a great challenge to computer experts known as bioinformatics specialists. One million bases (called a megabase and abbreviated Mb) of DNA sequence data is roughly equivalent to 1/4 megabyte of computer data storage space. Since the human genome is 3 billion base pairs long, 3/4 gigabytes of computer data storage space are needed to store the entire genome. This includes nucleotide sequence data only and does not include data annotations and other information that can be associated with sequence data.As time goes on, more annotations will be entered as a result of laboratory findings, literature searches, data analyses, personal communications, automated data-analysis programs, and auto annotators. These annotations associated with the sequence data will likely dwarf the amount of storage space actually taken up by the initial 3 billion nucleotide sequence. Of course, that's not much of a surprise because the sequence is merely one starting point for much deeper biological understanding!Remember that humans have a diploid genome thus our entire complement of DNA is composed of 6 billion bases; 3 billion from each parent.The reason for the Human Genome Project is to map out the human genome so as to find a way to prevent genetic disorders such as birth defects and so on.
Why is the human genome like a parts list?
The human genome is a collection of long strands of molecule called DNA. DNA is a long polymer, where different individual monomers (single units) are called base-pairs. Certains segments of these strands (a few hundred to a few thousand base pairs) are called "genes". A molecule called RNA polymerase localizes to the front of the gene, moves along the base pairs, "reads" the specific base-pair sequence, and creates a copy of the particular base pairs it reads (this process is called transcription). The copy the RNA polymerase is an example of one "part". The part is usually modified to become something biologically useful (for example, it might go through another process called "translation" to become a protein). The "Genome" refers to all of the genetic material (so all of the DNA, so all of the genes) in an organism. Any genome (including the human genome) is a parts list because all biologically meaningful "parts" to the organism are encoded by a specific sequence of base pairs. So.... the human genome is really a list of the specific instructions to make all of the parts. James Watson, who along with Francis Crick was credited with the discovery of the DNA double helix and proposal of the "fundamental dogma of molecular biology", said "DNA makes RNA, RNA makes proteins, and proteins make us."
How many DNA sequences are in a chromosome?
That depends on the size of the chromosome. We can use the largest and smallest human chromosomes as examples, using size information from the Ensembl genome browser (www.ensembl.org). Human chromosome 1, the largest, is estimated to have 247,249,719 base pairs. That is, the DNA sequence in the chromosome is about 247 million base pairs long. Since DNA is double stranded, that equates to about 494 million nucleotides. The smallest chromosome, 22, on the other hand has 49,691,432 base pairs - about 50 million. Hence it has about 100 million nucleotides.
How do ALU sequences contribute to the genetic diversity in the human population?
Allele-specific long-range PCR (ALU) sequences contribute to genetic diversity in the human population by serving as markers for genetic variation. These sequences are repetitive elements in the human genome that can undergo mutations, leading to different alleles or versions of the sequence. By studying these variations in ALU sequences, researchers can track genetic diversity and understand population dynamics, evolutionary history, and disease susceptibility.
What is an example of something a yard long?
An adult human arm or leg is typically about a yard long.
