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The "central dogma" was that the flow of information always went from DNA to RNA to protein. This assumption was discarded with the discovery of reverse transcriptase, which allowed information to move from RNA to DNA.

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Central dogma stages?

The central dogma of molecular biology describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein in cells. The stages are transcription, where DNA is transcribed into RNA by RNA polymerase; translation, where RNA is translated into amino acids to build proteins by ribosomes; and post-translational modifications, where proteins are modified to become functional.


What does mM stand for in biology?

mm means millimeter there are 10 millimeters in a centimeter


What inspired you to dye your hair half silver, and how has this unique style influenced your personal identity and self-expression?

The inspiration behind dyeing my hair half silver was to express my creativity and individuality. This unique style has helped me stand out and feel more confident in expressing myself authentically. It has become a part of my personal identity and a way for me to showcase my personality and style.


Can differentiated cells produce clones by regaining the potential to express genes that have been silenced?

Yes.Under the right conditions, single differentiated cells, such as a root cell from a carrot, can grow and divide and eventually become a fully functional adult plant. This can occur in animal cells as well.


If a characteristic is sex-linked, how does it affect the inheritance pattern of that trait?

When a characteristic is sex-linked, it is located on a sex chromosome (usually the X chromosome). This affects the inheritance pattern because males have only one X chromosome, so they will express any sex-linked trait on that chromosome. Females have two X chromosomes, so they may be carriers of the trait without expressing it. This can result in different inheritance patterns for males and females.