The positive turn purple and the negative turns red-colored. The positive is purple because the stain is able to pass through the thick peptoglycan wall where as the negative is red/pink because the stain can't get through the thick lipid layer (Membrane) to get to the thin peptoglycan layer.
Describe the Gram stain technique and the effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria after each step. Be very specific about what is happening at each step and why it happens. (hint: be sure to fully explain your answer and not just list the steps)
____________Color of Gram-positive_______Color of Gram-negativePrimary stainCrystal violet_____Purple____________________ PurpleMordant:Iodine____________Purple________________________PurpleDecolorizing agent:Alcohol-acetone__ Purple____________________ ColorlessCounterstain:Safranin___________Purple_________________________Red
If both gram positive and gram negative bacteria appear red after Gram staining, it is likely that either the staining process was not performed correctly or the decolorization step was not carried out properly. This could lead to both types of bacteria retaining the red stain (crystal violet) and not taking up the counterstain (safranin). Checking the procedure and ensuring proper timing of each step can help to correct this issue.
To differentiate between oral streptococci, yeast, and spirochaetes in a sample, you can use appropriate staining techniques such as Gram stain or special stains like periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain for yeast. Additionally, you can utilize microscopy to observe the morphology and arrangement of the microorganisms. Each group will have distinct characteristics - streptococci appear as gram-positive cocci, yeast as larger round cells, and spirochaetes as spiral-shaped bacteria.
Gram positive bacteria have a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retains the purple stain in the Gram staining process. They also lack an outer membrane. In contrast, gram negative bacteria have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan and an outer membrane that can make them more resistant to antibiotics. Additionally, gram negative bacteria appear pink after the Gram staining process.
Describe the Gram stain technique and the effect on Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria after each step. Be very specific about what is happening at each step and why it happens. (hint: be sure to fully explain your answer and not just list the steps)
Different types of organisms require different types of staining techniques. The Gram stain is majorly used in the identification of a bacterial organism. This is considered an effective stain for microscopic organisms.
Gram-positive bacteria retain the crystal violet dye and appear purple/violet under the microscope. Gram-negative bacteria do not retain the crystal violet dye and appear pink/red after the counterstain with safranin.
It is possible to decolourise gram positive bacteria and thus get false results of all gram negative organisms. Similarly, it is possible to under-decolourise and get all gram positive organisms. Ideally controls of known organisms should be run with each stain.
____________Color of Gram-positive_______Color of Gram-negativePrimary stainCrystal violet_____Purple____________________ PurpleMordant:Iodine____________Purple________________________PurpleDecolorizing agent:Alcohol-acetone__ Purple____________________ ColorlessCounterstain:Safranin___________Purple_________________________Red
To determine the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction, compare the amount of each reactant used to the stoichiometry of the balanced equation. The reactant that produces the least amount of product is the limiting reagent because it is fully consumed first, limiting the amount of product that can be formed.
To determine the limiting reagent, calculate the moles of each reactant using their respective masses and molar masses. Compare the moles of each reactant to the stoichiometry of the reaction. The reagent that produces the least amount of product based on stoichiometry is the limiting reagent.
Happening each day: daily.
There are 1 gram in 1 gram. Each gram is equivalent to 1 unit of weight.
4 for each gram.
Each gram of Carbohydrate contains 4Kcals. Equally, each gram of Protein holds 4Kcal of energy. A gram of fat, however, contains 9Kcal of energy. Each gram of Carbohydrate contains 4Kcals. Equally, each gram of Protein holds 4Kcal of energy. A gram of fat, however, contains 9Kcal of energy.
To find the limiting reagent in a chemical reaction, you calculate the amount of product that each reactant can produce. The reactant that produces the least amount of product is the limiting reagent. You can then use this information to determine the amount of product that can be formed in the reaction.