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As with all viruses and living things, random errors occur when HIV replicates its genetic material during reproduction. Changes in the genetic material then change characteristics of the virus, which may help or harm it depending on its environment.

HIV is particularly prone to mutation because it is a retrovirus, meaning it carries its genetic material as RNA and reverse transcribes it into DNA when it infects a cell. Reverse transcription has a higher rate of mutation than ordinary DNA or RNA replication.

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