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The bacteria has tiny, oddly-shaped molecules on it's surface, which are different for every type of bacteria, these are called antigens. When a special type of white blood cell, called a lymphocyte, realises an invading bacteria is in the bloodstream, it starts to make tiny connectors called antibodies. These antibodies fit the antigens on the bacteria's surface, and join many bacteria together. Once lots of bacteria have been joined together, another type of white blood cell, called a phagocyte, engulfs them, and it will usually take a few days for all the bacteria to be destroyed.

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What are 2 ways bacteria can make disease?

Bacteria can cause disease by producing toxins that harm the host's cells or by directly invading and damaging host tissues. Additionally, some bacteria can trigger an excessive immune response that leads to inflammation and tissue damage.


What fights bacteria that enters the body?

The immune system fights bacteria that enters the body. It does this by using various defense mechanisms such as white blood cells, antibodies, and complement proteins to identify and destroy the invading bacteria.


Do white blood cells sweep up and digest bacteria that get into the body?

Yes, white blood cells are responsible for engulfing and digesting bacteria that enter the body. This process is known as phagocytosis, where the white blood cells detect, engulf, and destroy invading bacteria to help protect the body from infection.


Explain the differences between parasitic and saprophytic bacteria?

Parasitic bacteria rely on living hosts for nutrients and cause harm to the host, while saprophytic bacteria obtain nutrients from dead organic matter without causing harm to living organisms. Parasitic bacteria typically have specialized mechanisms for invading host cells, while saprophytic bacteria decompose organic material through extracellular enzymes.


Where restriction endonuclease from?

Restriction endonucleases are enzymes found in bacteria and archaea. They are part of the bacteria's defense mechanism against invading foreign DNA, such as viruses, by cutting it into smaller fragments. These enzymes are widely used in molecular biology for techniques like gene cloning and DNA fingerprinting.