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There is no specific data available on the exact amount spent globally on human cloning research per year. Funding for human cloning research tends to be sporadic and varies across different countries and institutions. Such research is often subject to stringent regulatory and ethical constraints.
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How much do scientists spend on cloning each year?
It is difficult to estimate an exact amount, but funding for cloning research varies greatly across different scientific institutions and countries. The overall investment in cloning research is likely in the millions of dollars annually.
How much does gene cloning cost?
The answer to the question how much does gene cloning cost is, first and foremost it depends on whether the cost is for an animal or a human being. According to my research, for an animal to store the genetic material alone would cost $1000 US. So, I think the cost would be not more than $200 000 US.
Why is bacteria a workhorse for biotechnology?
1.The use of microorganisms, such as bacteria or yeasts, or biological substances, such as enzymes, to perform specific industrial or manufacturing processes. 2.Human cloning is the creation of a genetically identical copy of an existing or previously existing human. The term is generally used to refer to artificial human cloning; human clones in the form of identical twins are commonplace, with their cloning occurring during the natural process of reproduction. There are two commonly discussed types of human cloning: therapeutic cloning and reproductive cloning. Gene cloning is the act of making copies of a single gene. Amplified genes are useful in many areas of research and for medical applications such as gene therapy 3.DNA or Reproductive cloning could be used to repopulate endangered animals or animals that are difficult to breed. In 2001, the first clone of an endangered wild animal was born, a wild ox called a gaur. The young gaur died from an infection about 48 hours after its birth. In 2001, scientists in Italy reported the successful cloning of a healthy baby mouflon, an endangered wild sheep. The cloned mouflon is living at a wildlife center in Sardinia. Other endangered species that are potential candidates for cloning include the African bongo antelope, the Sumatran tiger, and the giant panda. Cloning extinct animals presents a much greater challenge to scientists because the egg and the surrogate needed to create the cloned embryo would be of a species different from the clone.
What are the practical issues of cloning?
# In the movie Jurassic Park, based on the best-selling book of the same name by Michael Crichton, scientists clone dinosaurs by using the DNA that was preserved for millions of years. However, there is trouble when the cloned dinosaurs turn out fiercer and smarter than expected. Can dinosaurs really be cloned? Theoretically, they can; all that would be required is DNA from an extinct dinosaur and a currently living closely related species which would act as a surrogate wart. In fact, there is ongoing research to clone the Woolly Mammoth by extracting the DNA from frozen animals.Actually, cloning is a phenomenon that occurs naturally in a wide variety of species from aphids to armadillos, to poplar trees, to bacteria. Whenever you see a pair of identical twins, they are examples of nature's clones. Although scientists have been cloning certain organisms like the carrot quite successfully for decades, attempts at cloning animals have not been as successful. However, they began long before the birth of Dolly, the sheep - the first mammal to be successfully cloned. There were sporadic successes at cloning other animals, like CC (abbreviation for 'copycat'), the first cat to be cloned, an Asian gaur, an endangered species, which Bessie, a cow, gave birth to, and way back in the 1960's, frogs being cloned, albeit with limited success. In fact, in the 1980s, some companies tried commercializing the cloning of livestock by the process of taking the nuclei from fetuses and embryos. These efforts generally resulted in failure because the newborns usually did not survive for long due to being unhealthy. Livestock cloning, currently, is still in the process of research. However, it is generally accepted that in time the scientific viability of producing healthy clones will become a reality.Although cloning other species does give rise to some misgivings, whether reviving extinct or endangered species, or to reproduce a dead pet, the prospect of cloning humans artificially is one of the most controversial debates that the human species has been pondering about, raising a number of ethical issues involved. In fact, the social impact of producing humans artificially was brilliantly explored in the famous novel Brave New World by Aldous Huxley, and also in the movie The Island.Human cloning is basically about creating a genetically identical replica of a previously existing or existing person. Why would anybody opt to clone human beings? Well, generally, it will be one more option by which infertile couples can have children. Replacing a deceased child is also another reason why some people have expressed interest in the procedure.There are various methods of human cloning: embryo cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. There is another method of cloning, known as replacement cloning, which at present exists only in theory. It is a combination of both reproductive and therapeutic cloning. Replacement cloning involves replacing a body that has been extensively damaged, or has failed, or is in the process of failing, via cloning, followed by transplanting the brain either partially or entirely. This procedure has been projected as a way of greatly extending human lifespan.Embryo Cloning: In this procedure, identical twins are produced, basically by reproducing how twins are created naturally. A few cells are extracted from a fertilized embryo, which are induced to develop into duplicate embryos. The twins that are thus formed have identical DNA. Although this procedure has been used on various animal species, there has been only limited experimentation done on humans.Reproductive Cloning: In this procedure, the DNA is removed from an ovum and replaced with the DNA extracted from a cell taken from an adult animal. Next, the fertilized ovum, which is called a pre-embryo now, is implanted in a womb, which then develops into a new animal. Thus, this procedure basically produces a duplicate of an existing person. Based on studies done on animals, it results in animals being born with severe genetic defects. This is the main reason why many in the medical field think it to be a profoundly unethical procedure to be carried out on humans. It is specifically banned in many countries. However, there are rumors that this procedure has been used successfully to initiate a pregnancy by the controversial Italian embryologist, Dr Severino Antinori.Therapeutic Cloning: The initial stages of this procedure are practically the same as Reproductive Cloning. However, in this, the stem cells are extracted from the pre-embryo, with the intention of generating a whole organ or tissue, so that it can be transplanted back into the person who gave the DNA. The pre-embryo, however, dies during the process. The aim of therapeutic cloning is to create a healthy organ or tissue of a sick person, in order to transplant it into them, instead of relying on organs from other people. This eliminates the need of waiting lists for organs, and since the organ has the same DNA as the donor, there is no need to take immunosuppressive drugs, as is required now after transplantations.At this nascent stage of cloning, there is no consensus yet about the ethical issues that are thrown up by the process of the destruction of human embryos, so that stem cells can be collected. Many conservative Christians and others concerned about the ethical issues of cloning think that the embryo is equivalent to a human being right at conception, and should be given the same rights. Since the process involved in the removal of DNA is similar to the process of conventional conception, because both create a pre-embryo, it is thought that the pre-embryo is a human person. In therapeutic cloning, the process of extracting stem cells, therefore, is equivalent to murdering the human being. Religious and ethically conservative people think it is ethically wrong to kill one person so that another person's life can be extended or saved.Others, however, are of the opinion that the embryo does not require any particular moral consideration, because at the stage when it is cloned, it is just a bunch of cells that contain DNA, and are not very different from the millions of skin cells that we shed everyday. The embryonic cells at that stage cannot be considered equivalent to a human being because it does not have a brain, thoughts, self-awareness, memory, awareness of its environment, sensory organs, internal organs, legs, arms, and so on. They think that the embryo attains human personhood much later during gestation, perhaps at the point when the brain develops so that it becomes aware of itself.Here are some questions concerning the ethical issues of cloning humans for you to ponder about:Is cloning humans "playing God?" If it is, then how about other reproductive procedures like hormone treatments and in vitro fertilization?Does an embryo, at whatever stage of its existence, have the same rights as human beings?Do we have the right to have children, regardless of how they are created?Is it justified to create stem cells by killing a human embryo?Is it ethically right to harvest organs from clones?If a clone is created from an existing person, who is the parent?Will cloned children face any social repercussions? If so, what?Can cloned children be manipulated to become monsters, like Hitler, or slaves, as is explored in Brave New World?Should the research in cloning by regulated? If so, who should regulate it, and how can it be regulated?
Why does cloning cost so much money?
Cloning costs a significant amount of money due to the complex and time-consuming process involved. It requires sophisticated technology and facilities, highly skilled researchers, and extensive resources to successfully clone an organism. Additionally, ethical considerations and regulatory requirements add to the overall cost of cloning projects.
When was cloning of animals invented?
not that much longer after stem cell research started.
When was animal cloning invented?
not that much longer after stem cell research started.
How much do scientists spend on cloning each year?
It is difficult to estimate an exact amount, but funding for cloning research varies greatly across different scientific institutions and countries. The overall investment in cloning research is likely in the millions of dollars annually.
How much government money is spent yearly on muscular dystrophy research?
i dont think its much
How much money is spent on enviromental research by the paper industry?
The amount of money spent on environmental research by the paper industry varies based on the needs. On average, it is estimated that over one million dollars are spent monthly for this cause.
How much does gene cloning cost?
The answer to the question how much does gene cloning cost is, first and foremost it depends on whether the cost is for an animal or a human being. According to my research, for an animal to store the genetic material alone would cost $1000 US. So, I think the cost would be not more than $200 000 US.
How much is spent in marketing research globally?
According to a Marketing textbook published in 2006, it is 16.5 billion.
Why is it illegal to make copies of humans?
Both reproductive and therapeutic cloning remain an active area of debate. Some see cloning as morally repugnant and a threat to human individuality and dignity. Others see the unequivocal medical benefits to cloning cells which could effectively add decades to a human's lifespan. Lawmakers in many countries have sided with the former argument, banning the practice. There is much more to this debate that cannot possibly be said here. If you're interested I suggest you research the controversial topic.
How much money is spent on scientific research?
Many, many millions of dollars are spent on scientific research each year. A lot of the money comes from the government (with the military spending a huge chunk), but there are many, many private compaines and corporations engaged in scientific research, too (in the hopes of profit).
How much does the forest products industry spend on conservation research?
From 1985 to 1995, forest product companies spent more than $100 million on wildlife and environmental research,
How much money is spent on cancer research?
Ummm, don't think so, more like 4.8 billion per the NCI 2008 factbook.the Nci spent about $5,149,900 for cancer cure and treat in 2007
Is there a moral issue to cloning a human being?
Yes. Many are against the idea of cloning, both human and animal. In the case of humans is undermines the child's individuality, stealing away what makes everyone an individual. Cloned children may feel depressed, knowing that someone else has already played their life out for them. The idea of cloning humans almost makes humans seem like objects. No longer are humans individual and created from love, but rather from scientists knowing exactly what they will look like and perhaps even act. The rich can get highly intelligent, model babies, pure objects of wealth. Human cloning could also cause separation in families. A child he or she is not from the same genetics as its family members could cause social problems, similar to what some adopted children feel. Human cloning also treads on many religious beliefs. For example, many Christians feel that scientists cloning human is a bit too much like playing God. Humans were meant to be imperfect, but could cloning bring about a perfect human? Many feel animal cloning to be a violation of animal rights. Animal cloning undermines natures intent and could cause an upset in the diversity of each species. Animals will become customized tools, rather than individual, living creatures.
