high
I think pBR322 has a replication module from E coli plasmid colE1 ,which permits plasmid replication even when chromosome replication and cell division are inhibited by amino acid starvation and chloramphenicol, as a result, under such condition each cell accumulates several thousands copies of the plasmids up to 3000, so that one litre of bacterial culture easily yields a milligram of plasmid DNA.
An example of nondisjunction in genotype is when a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate properly during cell division, leading to one daughter cell receiving an extra chromosome (trisomy) and the other cell lacking that chromosome (monosomy). This can result in genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
High copy number refers to a situation where a particular gene or segment of DNA is present in a cell in multiple copies. This can result in increased expression of the gene and potentially impact the cell's phenotype. High copy number can occur naturally or be induced artificially in laboratory settings.
The pH level of the environment can affect bacterial growth. Bacteria have an optimal pH range in which they can thrive and reproduce. If the pH is too high or too low, it can disrupt the bacterial cell's internal environment and inhibit growth. This is because pH affects the structure and function of proteins and enzymes that are essential for bacterial metabolism.
A bacteria cell differs structurally from plant and animal cells because of its small size. A bacteria cell has flagella outside of the cell to help it move. A bacteria cell does not contain organelles. Only the chromosome and sometimes ribosomes are visible in a bacteria cell.
I think pBR322 has a replication module from E coli plasmid colE1 ,which permits plasmid replication even when chromosome replication and cell division are inhibited by amino acid starvation and chloramphenicol, as a result, under such condition each cell accumulates several thousands copies of the plasmids up to 3000, so that one litre of bacterial culture easily yields a milligram of plasmid DNA.
Many Pseudomonas plasmids are transmissible to E. coli, but the copy number is plasmid-dependent. Some plasmids are of low-copy number whereas some are high-copy number, and we should also consider copy-number-incompatibility. It could not be said that plasmids which can replicate in E.coli and Pseudomonas are of high copy number.
The copy number reflects the average number of copies of a certain plasmid inside a host cell. The higher the copy number, the more efficient the plasmid is at replicating itself. Researchers using plasmids as vectors usually choose high copy number plasmids as their vectors since you can get a large number of plasmids from relatively fewer cells in less time.
An example of nondisjunction in genotype is when a pair of homologous chromosomes fails to separate properly during cell division, leading to one daughter cell receiving an extra chromosome (trisomy) and the other cell lacking that chromosome (monosomy). This can result in genetic disorders such as Down syndrome, which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.
When an F plasmid integrates into the host chromosome, the strain is referred to as an Hfr (high frequency of recombination) strain. This integration allows the F plasmid to facilitate the transfer of chromosomal genes during conjugation, leading to increased genetic diversity among bacterial populations. Hfr strains are significant in genetic studies and mapping of bacterial genes due to their ability to transfer chromosomal DNA to recipient cells.
The insert capacity of PAC vectors in DNA cloning is typically around 150-300 kilobase pairs (kb). These vectors are known for their ability to accept large fragments of DNA for cloning purposes due to their high cloning capacity.
it is high in bacterial infection such as typhoid.
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Not sure what you mean by artificial channel, but "raceways" fit your definition.
control of copy number in plasmids