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The Cell membrane is composed of phospholipids, which consist of a hydrophilic (water loving) head and two hydrophobic (water fearing) fatty acid chains. Because cells are in an aqueous environment (in water), the phospholipids naturally form into a bilayer, where the heads face out and protect the tails (facing in) from water. Because of this structure, any substance that does not dissolve in water and is small, can easily pass through the membrane. Substances that do dissolve require special proteins embedded in the membrane. For water, a protein called an Aquaporin acts as a channel to allow water in and out. Some small molecules that can dissolve will sometimes pass through the membrane slowly under certain conditions as well. As long as the conditions are correct, water, glucose, and some forms of iodine can pass through the cell membrane in this manner.

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