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Orthologs are genes in different species that evolved from a common ancestral gene through speciation, while paralogs are genes within the same species that evolved from a gene duplication event. Orthologs typically have similar functions due to their shared evolutionary history, while paralogs may have diverged in function over time.

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homology is the equality between two sequences that show the same evolutionary pattern and similarity is the likeness between two sequences that may not follow an identical evolutionary relationship.


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The three criteria used to determine whether a similarity is due to homology or analogy are: 1) similarity in structure, 2) similarity in function, and 3) similarity in evolutionary origin. Homology suggests a shared evolutionary ancestry, while analogy implies similarity due to convergent evolution.


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