Endocrine glands
gonadotropins
The brainstem is to arousal as the limbic system is to emotion.
Sexual arousal disorder: the inhibition of the general arousal aspect of sexual response. A woman with this disorder does not lubricate, her vagina does not swell, and the muscle that surrounds the outer third of the vagina does not tighten.
Labia minora become engorged with blood when sexually arousal, more often caused by clitoral stimulation and arousal. Arousal stimulates vaginal secretions that lubricate the labia for easier entry. Large labia minora can increase stimulation and friction on the penis during thrusting, increasing arousal of the penis.
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Non-sexual arousal (such as motor function) is centered in the brainstem.
The Schachter-Singer two-factor theory suggests that emotions arise from the interpretation of both physiological arousal and the situational context. When we experience physiological arousal, we then cognitively label the arousal based on the context, leading to the experience of emotion.
The basic components of emotion are physiological arousal, cognitive appraisal, subjective experience, and expressive behavior. Physiological arousal refers to the physical changes that occur in the body when experiencing an emotion. Cognitive appraisal involves interpreting the situation that triggered the emotion. Subjective experience relates to the individual's personal feelings and intensity of the emotion. Expressive behavior refers to the external manifestations of the emotion through facial expressions, body language, and vocal cues.
The Schachter-Singer theory proposes that emotions result from a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. This theory differs from James-Lange theory, which states that emotions arise from physiological reactions to stimuli, and Cannon-Bard theory, which suggests that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously yet independently.
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion suggests that the experience of an emotion occurs simultaneously with physiological arousal, rather than the arousal causing the emotion. This theory proposes that the brain interprets a situation and generates both the emotional response and the physiological reaction at the same time.
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion, also known as the two-factor theory, suggests that an emotional experience is the result of both physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. According to this theory, an individual first experiences a physiological response to a stimulus, and then interprets the situation to label the emotion they are feeling. This theory emphasizes the role of both physiological arousal and cognitive appraisal in determining an emotional state.
Higher on tasks that are difficult
Arousal theory suggests that individuals seek to maintain an optimal level of physiological or mental arousal to perform at their best. This theory proposes that performance is influenced by the level of arousal, with both low and high arousal levels impeding performance. Different tasks require different levels of arousal for optimal performance.
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion states that physiological arousal and emotional experiences happen independently and simultaneously when encountering a stimulus. This theory suggests that the brain processes the emotional response separately from the physical arousal instead of one causing the other.
The Cannon-Bard theory of emotion posits that physiological arousal and emotional experience happen concurrently, rather than in a sequential cause-and-effect manner. This theory suggests that an emotional stimulus can trigger both the physiological response and the subjective experience of emotion simultaneously.
Robert E. Thayer has written: 'The biopsychology of mood and arousal' -- subject(s): Affective Symptoms, Arousal, Arousal (Physiology), Mood (Psychology), Physiological aspects, Physiological aspects of Mood (Psychology), Physiology, Psychobiology, Psychology, Psychophysiology 'The Origin of Everyday Moods' -- subject(s): Mood (Psychology), Affect (Psychology)
Anxiety can be measured using self-report questionnaires like the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) or by physiological measures like heart rate or skin conductance. Arousal can be measured using similar physiological measures such as heart rate variability or by self-report scales like the Arousal Subscale of the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire.
Psychologist Stanley Schachter proposed the two-factor theory of emotion, which suggests that the experience of emotion is the result of a combination of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretation of that arousal. According to this theory, the same physiological state can give rise to different emotions depending on how the individual interprets the situation.