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  1. Variation: Individuals within a population have different traits.
  2. Heredity: Traits can be passed down to offspring.
  3. Differential reproduction: Individuals with certain advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce.
  4. Adaptation: Over time, advantageous traits become more common in the population.
  5. Speciation: Accumulation of changes over generations can lead to the formation of new species.
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