Plasmids
The smallest membrane-bound protoplasmic body capable of independent reproduction is a virus. Viruses are composed of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat, and they rely on host cells to replicate. Once inside a host cell, viruses can hijack the cell's machinery to produce more viral particles and spread to other cells.
DNA is the only living substance capable of reproducing itself exactly through the process of DNA replication. This ensures that genetic information is faithfully passed on from one generation to the next without significant changes.
Permissive cells are capable of supporting the replication of a virus, whereas non-permissive cells are unable to support virus replication. In permissive cells, the virus can enter, replicate, and exit to infect other cells. Non-permissive cells may lack the necessary factors or receptors for the virus to complete its replication cycle.
An animal, insect, or human whose body can sustain the growth of a pathogen is known as the pathogen's host.
DNA replication must occur during interphase for the cell to be capable of undergoing future divisions. This ensures that each daughter cell will receive a complete set of genetic information during cell division.
Plasmid is extrachromosomal DNA capable of self replication.
An episome is a genetic element that can exist in both integrated and extrachromosomal forms within a cell. It can replicate independently of the cell's genome, making it capable of autonomous replication. Episomes are commonly found in bacteria and can carry genes that provide advantages, such as antibiotic resistance.
Sporozoa
The centrioles are used during cell division. Centrioles migrate to opposite poles of the cell during cell division and are used to organise the spindles. They are also capable of independent replication and of migrating to form basal bodies.
They are called sporozoa.
The protozoa that are not capable of independent movement are called "sporozoans." They are parasitic organisms that rely on a host to move from one place to another.
an atom
an atom
Atoms of most elements are not able to exist independently. Atoms form molecules or ions aggregate in large numbers to form the matter that we can see. Molecule is capable of independent existence.
A viable particle is a microorganism capable of growth and reproduction under suitable conditions. In the context of environmental monitoring or microbiology, viable particles are those that are alive and able to multiply, as opposed to non-viable particles which are dead or incapable of replication. Detection and quantification of viable particles are important in assessing the potential risks associated with microbial contamination.
The bacteria that meets this description is a plasmid. Plasmids are small, circular pieces of DNA that replicate independently from the bacterial chromosome. They can carry additional genetic information and can be transferred between bacterial cells.
The nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication is DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is composed of two strands that form a double helix, and it encodes the genetic instructions for the development and functioning of an organism.