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These are known as stomata - pronounced stoh-muh-tuh ; the singular form is stoma.

The are generally found on the underside of the leaves and sometimes along the stems; theyallow for gaseous exchange between the leaf and the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide in and water vapour and oxygen out (transpiration).

They are normally on the underside of leaves as the waxy cuticle covers the upper epidermis; strangely some plants that are grown in tissue culture have stomata on both leaf surfaces, as a cuticle does not develop until the tissue culture plantlets are exposed to an open environment (and ultraviolet light).

Plants growing in arid areas have fewer stomata to reduce transpiration where as plants in tropical areas have large or many stomata to take advanatge of the ideal growing conditions.

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