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Bacteria can obtain energy from a variety of sources:

Photosynthesis: Yes! its not only plants that perform photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is also done by some bacteria which have chloroplasts.

Chemosynthesis: Some bacteria can use chemicals like hydrogen sulfide (H2S) instead of water and carry out metabolic reactions to generate energy.

Heterotrophy: This is by far the most common form of obtaining energy. In this, the bacteria obtain energy from nutrients like the food that we eat or other sources like cellulose (as in leaves), carbohydrates (as in cereals, etc), proteins (as in meat, etc) and lipids or fats (as in butter, ghee etc).

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