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A stoma is simply the space between two cells called guard cells.

The guard cells are specialized cells of the leaf's epidermis. The guard cells have unevenly thickened walls. When their vacuoles contain the maximum amount of water, turgor causes the cells to bend, leaving a space, the stoma, between them.

When the osmotic pressure falls, the cells partially collapse, like partly-deflated balloons, closing the stoma.

The variations in turgor in guard cells are brought about by varying concentrations of potassium ions in the cells.

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