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How does DNA methylation regulate gene activity?
DNA methylation is a process where methyl groups are added to specific regions of DNA, which can turn genes on or off. This modification can affect how genes are read and expressed, ultimately regulating gene activity.
Regions of newly replicated DNA can be shut down by chemical modification known as?
epigenetic silencing. This involves adding chemical groups like methyl to DNA or histones to repress gene expression in a region of DNA without altering the underlying genetic code.
DNA methylation in prokaryotes?
In prokaryotes, DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification that involves the addition of a methyl group to cytosine bases in DNA. This process plays a role in regulating gene expression, DNA replication, and protection against foreign DNA such as viruses. DNA methylation patterns can vary between species and are important for controlling various cellular processes.
Is there phosphate groups found in DNA?
The DNA backbone, are made of alternating sugars and phosphate groups.
Whatn functions do restriction enzymes have in living cells?
In the living bacterial cell, these enzymes destroy the DNA of certain invading viruses (bacteriophages), thus placing a "restriction" on the number of viral strains that can cause infection; the bacterium's own DNA is protected from cleavage by methyl (-CH3) groups, which are added by enzymes at the recognition sites to mask them.
Bacterial DNA is not cleaved by their own restriction enzyme because?
Bacterial DNA is protected from cleavage by their own restriction enzymes through the addition of a methyl group to specific nucleotides within the DNA sequence. This modification prevents the enzyme from recognizing and cutting its own DNA, while foreign DNA lacking these methyl groups is susceptible to cleavage.
What are genomic imprinting DNA methylation and histone acetylation examples of?
These are examples of epigenetic modifications that can regulate gene expression without changing the underlying DNA sequence. Genomic imprinting refers to differential gene expression depending on the parent of origin, DNA methylation involves the addition of methyl groups to DNA to silence gene expression, and histone acetylation is the addition of acetyl groups to histone proteins to promote gene expression.
How does DNA methylation regulate gene activity?
DNA methylation is a process where methyl groups are added to specific regions of DNA, which can turn genes on or off. This modification can affect how genes are read and expressed, ultimately regulating gene activity.
What is the chemical basis of gene imprinting?
Gene imprinting involves the addition of methyl groups to specific regions of DNA, a process known as DNA methylation. This methylation pattern is established during early development and can result in certain genes being silenced based on whether they were inherited from the mother or the father. It plays a critical role in regulating gene expression and cellular differentiation.
Regions of newly replicated DNA can be shut down by chemical modification known as?
epigenetic silencing. This involves adding chemical groups like methyl to DNA or histones to repress gene expression in a region of DNA without altering the underlying genetic code.
DNA methylation in prokaryotes?
In prokaryotes, DNA methylation is a common epigenetic modification that involves the addition of a methyl group to cytosine bases in DNA. This process plays a role in regulating gene expression, DNA replication, and protection against foreign DNA such as viruses. DNA methylation patterns can vary between species and are important for controlling various cellular processes.
Where are phosphate groups in a DNA molecule?
The DNA backbone, are made of alternating sugars and phosphate groups.
How does bacterial cell protect its own DNA from restriction enzymes?
In order to protect the bacterial genomic DNA from its own restriction enzymes, bacterial cells employ a system, wherein methyl transferases methylate certain bases on the DNA sequence, making them unrecognizable to the restriction enzymes.Each restriction enzyme has a methylase associated with it on the chromosome. This methylase puts methyl groups on the host DNA, and the restriction enzyme doesn't recognize its recognition sequence when it is so methlyated. The host DNA is thus protected from the actions of its own restriction enzyme.Incoming (foreign) DNA is unlikely to be protected (methylated) in the same manner, thus this invading DNA is digested by the hosts restriction enzyme(s).When working in cloning experiments, the principle is the same -- DNA to be digested is carried by a plasmid in a host that does not methylate DNA in the pattern that would cause the restriction enzyme to see it as protected, thus it is cut. DNA generated by PCR is similarly unmethylated, and is therefore also digested.Some enzymes won't cut DNA isolated from dam+ or dcm+ hosts (two common bacterial methylases), thus one must know the genotype of the host cloning strain if using a restriction enzyme whose action is blocked by dam ordcmmethylation.
What is the chemical nature of crystal violet dye?
Crystal violet is the 'methyl violet 10B' derivative (with six methyl groups) of a difficult to draw structural chemical formula. (see related link, C26H34N3Cl).It is known in medicine as Gentian violet (or crystal violet) and is the active ingredient in a Gram stain, used to identify bacteria. It is toxicIt inhibits growth of Gram positives except streptococci.Methyl violet also binds to DNA. This means it can be used in cell viability assays in biochemistry. However, this binding to DNA will cause replication errors in living tissue, possibly leading to mutations and cancer.
Is there phosphate groups found in DNA?
The DNA backbone, are made of alternating sugars and phosphate groups.
What does methylating DNA do?
DNA methylation essentially causes DNA to stick to the histones. RNA polymerase, an enzyme that splits DNA apart for transcription, cannot access methylated DNA, so it isn't used in protein synthesis. It is effectively silenced by the attached methyl group.
Whatn functions do restriction enzymes have in living cells?
In the living bacterial cell, these enzymes destroy the DNA of certain invading viruses (bacteriophages), thus placing a "restriction" on the number of viral strains that can cause infection; the bacterium's own DNA is protected from cleavage by methyl (-CH3) groups, which are added by enzymes at the recognition sites to mask them.
