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What is bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with scarlike tissue?
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∙ 14y ago
Fibrous dysplasia
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∙ 14y ago
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What are some clinical terms related to the Nervous System?
analgesia- not being able to feel pain, but without losing consciousnessanalgesic- pain-relieving druganesthesia- loss of feelingaphasia- not being able to use or understand words due to damage to cerebral association areas.apraxia- impairment in the ability to use objectsataxia- not being able to coordinate voluntary movementscerebral palsy- partial paralysis and lack of muscular coordination caused by damage to the cerebrumcoma- unconscious condition where a person doesn't respond to stimulationcordotomy- surgical procedure where a surgeon severs a nerve tract within the spinal cord to relieve paincraniotomy- surgical procedure that opens up part of the skullelectroencephalogram (EEG)- recording of the brain's electrical activityencephalitis-an inflammation of the brain and meninges that causes drowsiness and apathyepilepsy- disorder of the CNS that temporarily disturbs brain impulses which causes convulsive seizures and loss of consciousnesshemiplegia- paralysis on one side of the bodyHuntington disease- genetic disorder of the brain that causes involuntary dancelike movement and personality changes.laminectomy- surgical removal of the posterior arch of a vertebra to relieve symptoms of a ruptured intervertebral disk pressing on a spinal nerve.monoplegia- paralysis of a single limbmultiple sclerosis- loss of myelin and the appearance of scarlike patches throughout brain and/or spinal cordneuralgia- sharp, recurring pain associated with a nerve which is usually called by inflammation or injuryneuritis- inflammation of a nerveparaplegia- paralysis of both lower limbsquadriplegia- paralysis of all four limbsvagotomy- surgical severing of a vagus nerve
Striae?
DefinitionStriae are irregular areas of skin that look like bands, stripes, or lines. Striae are seen when a person grows or gains weight rapidly or has certain diseases or conditions.Striae are commonly called stretch marks.Alternative NamesStriae atrophica; Stretch marks; Striae distensaeConsiderationsStretch marks can appear when there is rapid stretching of the skin. They are often associated with the abdominal enlargement of pregnancy. They can be found in children who have become rapidly obese. They may also occur during the rapid growth of puberty in males and females. Striae are most commonly located on the breasts, hips, thighs, buttocks, abdomen, and flank.Stretch marks appear as parallel streaks of red, thinned, glossy skin that over time become whitish and scarlike in appearance. The stretch marks may be slightly depressed and have a different texture than normal skin.Striae may also occur as a result of abnormal collagen formation, or a result of medications or chemicals that interfere with collagen formation. They may also be associated with longtime use of cortisone compounds, diabetes, Cushing disease, and post-pregnancy.Common CausesCushing syndromeEhlers-Danlos syndromePregnancyPubertyObesityOveruse of cortisone skin creamsHome CareThere is no specific care for stretch marks. Marks often will disappear after the cause of the skin stretching is gone. Creams and ointments that claim to prevent stretch marks during pregnancy are of little value.Avoiding rapid weight gain helps reduce stretch marks caused by obesity.Call your health care provider ifIf striae or stretch marks appear without obvious cause such as pregnancy or rapid weight gain, call your health care provider.What to expect at your health care provider's officeYou health care provider will examine you and ask questions about your symptoms, including:Is this the first time that you have developed striae?When did you first notice the stretchmarks?What medicines have you taken?Have you used a cortisone skin cream?What other symptoms do you have?If the striae are not caused by normal physical changes, tests may be done.
Breast reduction (mammoplasty) - series?
IndicationsBreast reduction is usually performed for enlarged breasts (macromastia), but may also be indicated by:cystic breast infections (polycystic mastitis)back pain, neck pain, shoulder pain, breast pain, or headachesloss of sensation in the breasts, arms, or fingerssleeping problems or poor posture resulting from large breastspigmented bra-strap groovestriae (scarlike lines) on the breastsMammograms (breast X-rays) and a routine breast exam are required before surgery.IncisionsBreast-revision surgery is performed while you are deep asleep and pain-free (using general anesthesia), in either an outpatient facility or in the hospital.ProcedureIncisions are made along the natural creases in the breast and around the dark pink skin surrounding the nipple (areola). A keyhole-shaped incision above the areola is also made to define the new location of the nipple. Skin is then removed from the lower section of the breast. The areola, nipple, and underlying breast tissue are moved up to a higher position. The nipple is moved and incisions are closed with stitches (sutures).ResultsFor a reduction in breast-size, some of the breast tissue is removed and the nipples are relocated higher on the breasts for cosmetic reasons. After surgery, a bulky gauze dressing is wrapped around the breasts and chest. Sometimes a surgical bra is used. Pain is controlled by medication, and usually subsides in a day or two. Most patients stay in the hospital for two days.The dressing is replaced by a soft bra within the first week, and it must be worn for several weeks. Generally, the swelling and discoloration around the incisions subside within a few days. There may be temporary loss of sensation in the breast skin and nipples after surgery. This condition improves with time. Within two weeks of surgery, stitches (sutures) are removed.Reviewed ByReview Date: 02/08/2011David A. Lickstein, MD, FACS, specializing in cosmetic and reconstructive plastic surgery, Palm Beach Gardnes, FL. Review provided by VeriMed Healthcare Network. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
How can you tell if you have skin cancer?
You should be regularly checking yourself, especially parts of your body that get exposed to the sun, for of the following. Your doctor should also watch for these in your regular physicals. If you're in an especially high-risk group, you may want regularly schedule professional examinations of your skin. Here's what to look for: A small, fleshy bump with a smooth, shiny, or pearly appearance. A firm, scarlike lesion. A bump that repeatedly bleeds and crusts over or hasn't healed for more than three weeks. A red or tender flat spot that bleeds easily. A transparent bump with tiny, visible blood vessels. A smooth bump with a raised border and indented middle. A red, irritated, crusty patch of skin that doesn't heal. A shiny area of tight-looking skin, especially on the face, that looks like a scar and has poorly defined edges. Any growth in a wart or mole. Any change in the surface of a skin growth. Any asymmetry or irregularity in the shape in a skin growth, e.g., if it's not an even shape on both sides, or the edges are jagged. Any asymmetry or change in the color of skin growth, e.g. it's brown or black, or has dashes of these colors, or even red, blue, or white. Any sore that does not heal. In addition, early symptoms of a malignant melanoma might be if a mole gets thicker, or becomes worn down and crusty, or soft and flaky, or if it itches or burns. In later stages, a melanoma could turn into an ulcerous sore, or become painful and bleed.
Aging changes in the male reproductive system?
DefinitionAging changes in the male reproductive system may include changes in testicular tissue, sperm production, and erectile function. These changes usually occur gradually.Alternative NamesAndropause; Male reproductive changesInformationUnlike women, men do not experience a sudden change in fertility as they age. Instead, changes occur gradually during a process that some people called andropause.Aging changes in the male reproductive system occur primarily in the testes. Testicular tissue mass decreases and the level of the male sex hormone testosterone stays the same or decreases very slightly. There may be problems with erectile function.Fertility:The tubes that carry sperm may become less elastic (a process called sclerosis). The testes continue to produce sperm, but the rate of sperm cell production slows. The epididymis, seminal vesicles, and prostate gland lose some of their surface cells but continue to produce the fluid that helps carry sperm.Urinary function:The prostate gland enlarges with age as some of the prostate tissue is replaced with a scarlike fibrotic tissue. This condition, called benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH), affects about 50% of men. This may cause problems with urination as well as with ejaculation.In both men and women, reproductive system changes are closely related to changes in the urinary system.EFFECT OF CHANGESFertility varies from man to man, and age is not a good predictor of male fertility. Prostate function is not closely related to fertility, and a man can father children even if his prostate gland has been removed. Some fairly old men can (and do) father children.The volume of fluid ejaculated usually remains the same, but there are fewer living sperm in the fluid.Decreases in the sex drive (libido) may occur for some men. Sexual responses may become slower and less intense. This may be related to decreased testosterone level, but it may also result from psychological or social changes related to aging (such as lack of a willing partner), illness, chronic conditions, or medications.Aging by itself does not prevent a man from being able to enjoy sexual relationships.COMMON PROBLEMSErectile dysfunction (ED) may be a concern for aging men. It is normal for erections to occur less frequently than when a man was younger, and aging men often have less ability to experience repeated ejaculation. However, ED is most often the result of a medical or psychological problem rather than simple aging, and 90% of ED is believed to be of medical rather than psychological origin.Medications (especially those used to treat hypertension and certain other conditions) can cause some men to be unable to develop or maintain an erection that is sufficient for intercourse. Disorders such as diabetescan also cause ED.Erectile dysfunction that is caused by medications or illness is often successfully treated. A primary health care provider or a urologist should be consulted if a man is concerned about this condition.BPH may eventually interfere with urination. The enlarged prostate partially blocks the tube that drains the urinary bladder (urethra). Changes in the prostate gland predispose elderly men to urinary tract infections.Vesicoureteral reflux (backup of urine into the kidneys) may develop if the bladder is inadequately drained, eventually resulting in kidney failure if untreated.Prostate gland infections or inflammation (various forms of prostatitis) may also occur.Prostate cancerbecomes more common as men age. It is one of the most frequent causes of cancer death for men. Bladder cancer is also a common cancer in older men. Testicular cancers are possible, but these more often occur in younger men.PREVENTIONMany physical age-related changes, such as prostate enlargement or testicular atrophy, are not preventable. Early and proper treatment of underlying health disorders such as hypertension and diabetes that may be responsible for changes in urinary and sexual health may prevent later problems with urinary and sexual function.Sexual response changes are most frequently related to factors other than simple aging. Satisfactory sex in older men is more likely if sexual activity has continued during middle age.RELATED TOPICSAging changes in hormone productionAging changes in organs, tissues, and cellsAging changes in the kidneys
