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What is the difference between cystitis and pyelonephritis?

Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder, often caused by a bacterial infection. Pyelonephritis is a more serious infection that affects the kidneys and occurs when a urinary tract infection spreads upward from the bladder to the kidneys. Pyelonephritis may cause more severe symptoms than cystitis and can lead to complications if not treated promptly.


How is pyelonephritis treated?

Pyelonephritis is typically treated with antibiotics to eliminate the infection. Drinking plenty of fluids and getting plenty of rest is also recommended to help the body recover. In severe cases, hospitalization may be required for intravenous antibiotics and monitoring.


What is pyelonephritis-associated pili?

Pili are thin, hair-like projections on the surface of organisms such as bacteria. The pyelonephritis-associated pili, or PAP, of uropathogenic E. coli (which is the major cause of urinary tract infections) are homologous to type I pili, which is composed of pilin subunits and binds to mannose residues on host cell surfaces. PAP, however, are more thin and flexible and bind to the human receptor GBO4.


What is emphysematous pyelonephritis?

Emphysematous pyelonephritis is a severe, gas-forming infection of the kidney caused by certain bacteria, most commonly Escherichia coli. It is considered a medical emergency due to its high mortality rate and requires prompt diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics and sometimes surgical intervention. Symptoms include fever, flank pain, and systemic signs of infection.


The presence of white blood cell casts in the urine is indicative of pyelonephritis and red blood cell casts indicative of glomerulonephritis?

White blood cell casts in the urine are typically associated with acute interstitial nephritis, while red blood cell casts are more commonly seen in acute glomerulonephritis. Pyelonephritis is usually characterized by the presence of white blood cells in the urine without casts.